By Stacey Burt


The most well known copper mining area in Europe is that of Mitterberg in Salzburg. There was in late 2nd millennium BC. Chr. 32 mines. Calculations showed that this same 200 miners, steel workers and support staff must have served. Dissolving the ore from the pit wall by the rock was heated and quenched with water. The Bronze Age shafts were up to 100 m long (mine surveys). The chalcopyrite ore was succeeded in carrying baskets from the mine. For ventilation shafts ensured that linked the superposed studs together. Ladders made of tree trunks with tread grooves allowed the miners access to tunnel.

The copper mines of Iberian Peninsula were already 2500 BC. Chr. Developed by a Copper Age culture (Los Millares). From here the Bell Beaker people spread metallurgical skills in Europe. In ancient times, the silver mines of Laurion were famous. There slaves worked for the Athens citizens. The Romans exploited the old mines in Tartessos, in Britain and Dacia (Romania) and further developed in other provinces new.

The mining industry has provided the bulk of coal mined since the beginning of industrial revolution (here in an open pit mine. It faces a scarcity of readily available resources, and in case of coal to problem fossil resources in terms of impacts on climate change.

There are two basic legal concepts and conflict resolution mechanisms in terms of local ownership of natural resources: the principle of mountain shelf and / or mountain freedom. The raw materials are decoupled from real property. The mineral resources are claimed by either the rulers (Bergregal) or State (State of title) and can be given, or they are considered abandoned, with a title tom but produced only by state ceremony.

After exhausting the most readily accessibles3 deposits, and as the demand pressure grows on some rare earth metals and the mining industry often has to use more energy and sometimes take more risks, while often producing more wastes, and sometimes "dirty" waste to extract soil mineral resources. Or you have to get them away, above (in mountains in Andes for example) or deeper under the sea or in basement.

In Stone Age cultures (North America, New Guinea), this operation held in part to present day. The exploitation of Mediterranean obsidian deposits is considered to be the work of opportunity miners. A permanent or seasonal mining operation requires an agricultural surpluses and trade, as the miners need to be fed, without being able to produce their own food and even produce more products than the community can use. The conditions were usually given only in Chalcolithic period (Naqada / copper mines of Timna in Egypt). Iran's copper mines are already stone age and over 6500 years old. The heyday of Cypriot mines begins 4000 years ago.

Environmental and economic upheavals by means of mines are occupied early. From Middle Ages to modern times it has a lot of customers from so-called "silver rush". Halden and smelting in vicinity of mines resulted in Middle Ages to emergence of a Galmeiflora and heavy metal lawn.

Basically, an infrastructure must be created in establishment of a mine regardless of type of raw material extraction, which allows the removal. If the mining area - as is often the case today - is in remote wilderness regions, already the construction of roads or railways and the creation of workers' settlements inevitably leads to a far-reaching influence on the natural environment. Experience shows that along the roads over time more plants of various kinds and thus new settlements and other roads arise, at least reinforce the parcelling of natural landscapes and habitat destruction, more and more.




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