For the survival of humans, animals industries and agricultural sector, fresh water has always been a vital commodity. With the increase in each of the above factors makes an increase in its supply in the future important. As it is becoming a scarce commodity. There are various seawater technologies that have come up which aided significantly in achieving the objective.
Marine water comprises a whole 97% of the aqua storage on earth. This is followed by the glaciers which make up only 2% of the summation. Surprisingly only 0.5% is the one available for humanity use. This is sourced from inland aqua bodies. Sea aqua being not suitable for domestic and industrial human use has made desalination quite a vital means of providing another source of fresh water.
The desalination process involves separation of the resource into two streams. A fresh stream containing a low concentration of dissolved salts and a concentrated brime stream. The above process requires some form of energy to desalinate and several different technologies are utilized. Over the years a variety of innovations have been developed on the basis of thermal distillation, membrane separation, freezing, electro dialysis, etc. On commercial basis the two most important technologies are based on the MSF and RO technologies although it is viewed that the two processes together with MED (multiple effect distillation) will be dominant and competitive in the future.
One of the technology is the multiple stage flash distillation. It is banked on the flash evaporation principle. This is where evaporation takes place not by causing an increase in the temperature, but instead lowering the pressure. It turns out to be a very economical method since the heating is regenerative. The aqua passes over its heat over to its counterpart as it flashes through each stage.
Multiple effect distillation is the form of distillation process. And is also thermodynamically efficient. The process takes place in a series of evaporators called effects and uses the principle of reducing the ambient pressure in the various effects. The MED plant steam economy is proportional to the number of effects. MED plants can have 3 types of tubes, that is, horizontal, vertical or submerged. Most recent application have been in the Middle East. Although their number is still relatively small compared to MSF plants, their numbers have been increasing.
Another technology used is the vapor compression distillation. Here the heating of marine aqua comes from the compression of vapor. The vcd plant takes advantage of principle of reducing the boiling point temperature by reducing pressure. Two methods are used to condense vapor, a mechanical compressor that helps to produce enough heat to vaporize incoming sea water and a steam jet that works the same. This process is normally used for small scale desalination units.
RO, also known as reverse osmosis, is highly used. Where osmotic pressure is overcome through application of outer pressure which is more compared with the sea water osmotic pressure. It therefore flows in reverse direction in respect to direction of the natural flow. Dissolved salts are left behind as it concentration increases. Previous development have come up in aiding the reduction of cost operation of RO plants. They include development of efficient membranes that also last longer and energy recover devices.
These are not the only technologies in use. But the most commonly used ways of desalination as compared to the one mentioned above. We have others such as freezing, potabilization and solar evaporation.
Marine water comprises a whole 97% of the aqua storage on earth. This is followed by the glaciers which make up only 2% of the summation. Surprisingly only 0.5% is the one available for humanity use. This is sourced from inland aqua bodies. Sea aqua being not suitable for domestic and industrial human use has made desalination quite a vital means of providing another source of fresh water.
The desalination process involves separation of the resource into two streams. A fresh stream containing a low concentration of dissolved salts and a concentrated brime stream. The above process requires some form of energy to desalinate and several different technologies are utilized. Over the years a variety of innovations have been developed on the basis of thermal distillation, membrane separation, freezing, electro dialysis, etc. On commercial basis the two most important technologies are based on the MSF and RO technologies although it is viewed that the two processes together with MED (multiple effect distillation) will be dominant and competitive in the future.
One of the technology is the multiple stage flash distillation. It is banked on the flash evaporation principle. This is where evaporation takes place not by causing an increase in the temperature, but instead lowering the pressure. It turns out to be a very economical method since the heating is regenerative. The aqua passes over its heat over to its counterpart as it flashes through each stage.
Multiple effect distillation is the form of distillation process. And is also thermodynamically efficient. The process takes place in a series of evaporators called effects and uses the principle of reducing the ambient pressure in the various effects. The MED plant steam economy is proportional to the number of effects. MED plants can have 3 types of tubes, that is, horizontal, vertical or submerged. Most recent application have been in the Middle East. Although their number is still relatively small compared to MSF plants, their numbers have been increasing.
Another technology used is the vapor compression distillation. Here the heating of marine aqua comes from the compression of vapor. The vcd plant takes advantage of principle of reducing the boiling point temperature by reducing pressure. Two methods are used to condense vapor, a mechanical compressor that helps to produce enough heat to vaporize incoming sea water and a steam jet that works the same. This process is normally used for small scale desalination units.
RO, also known as reverse osmosis, is highly used. Where osmotic pressure is overcome through application of outer pressure which is more compared with the sea water osmotic pressure. It therefore flows in reverse direction in respect to direction of the natural flow. Dissolved salts are left behind as it concentration increases. Previous development have come up in aiding the reduction of cost operation of RO plants. They include development of efficient membranes that also last longer and energy recover devices.
These are not the only technologies in use. But the most commonly used ways of desalination as compared to the one mentioned above. We have others such as freezing, potabilization and solar evaporation.
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